Sequences of Numbers

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What shall I call you? Krishnakanth Allika

| Please choose a course, or type 0 to exit swirl.

1: R Programming
2: Take me to the swirl course repository!

Selection: 1

1: Basic Building Blocks 2: Workspace and Files 3: Sequences of Numbers
4: Vectors 5: Missing Values 6: Subsetting Vectors
7: Matrices and Data Frames 8: Logic 9: Functions
10: lapply and sapply 11: vapply and tapply 12: Looking at Data
13: Simulation 14: Dates and Times 15: Base Graphics

Selection: 3

| | 0%

| In this lesson, you'll learn how to create sequences of numbers in R.

...

|=== | 4%
| The simplest way to create a sequence of numbers in R is by using the : operator.
| Type 1:20 to see how it works.

1:20
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

| You are quite good my friend!

|======= | 9%
| That gave us every integer between (and including) 1 and 20. We could also use it to
| create a sequence of real numbers. For example, try pi:10.

pi:10
[1] 3.141593 4.141593 5.141593 6.141593 7.141593 8.141593 9.141593

| All that hard work is paying off!

|========== | 13%
| The result is a vector of real numbers starting with pi (3.142...) and increasing in
| increments of 1. The upper limit of 10 is never reached, since the next number in our
| sequence would be greater than 10.

...

|============== | 17%
| What happens if we do 15:1? Give it a try to find out.

15:1
[1] 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

| That's correct!

|================= | 22%
| It counted backwards in increments of 1! It's unlikely we'd want this behavior, but
| nonetheless it's good to know how it could happen.

...

|===================== | 26%
| Remember that if you have questions about a particular R function, you can access its
| documentation with a question mark followed by the function name: ?function_name_here.
| However, in the case of an operator like the colon used above, you must enclose the
| symbol in backticks like this: ?:. (NOTE: The backtick () key is generally located
| in the top left corner of a keyboard, above the Tab key. If you don't have a backtick
| key, you can use regular quotes.)

...

|======================== | 30%
| Pull up the documentation for : now.

?:

| All that hard work is paying off!

|============================ | 35%
| Often, we'll desire more control over a sequence we're creating than what the :
| operator gives us. The seq() function serves this purpose.

...

|=============================== | 39%
| The most basic use of seq() does exactly the same thing as the : operator. Try seq(1,
| 20) to see this.

seq(1,20)
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

| You're the best!

|=================================== | 43%
| This gives us the same output as 1:20. However, let's say that instead we want a vector
| of numbers ranging from 0 to 10, incremented by 0.5. seq(0, 10, by=0.5) does just that.
| Try it out.

seq(0,10,by=0.5)
[1] 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
[18] 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0

| Keep up the great work!

|====================================== | 48%
| Or maybe we don't care what the increment is and we just want a sequence of 30 numbers
| between 5 and 10. seq(5, 10, length=30) does the trick. Give it a shot now and store
| the result in a new variable called my_seq.

seq(5,10,length=30)
[1] 5.000000 5.172414 5.344828 5.517241 5.689655 5.862069 6.034483 6.206897
[9] 6.379310 6.551724 6.724138 6.896552 7.068966 7.241379 7.413793 7.586207
[17] 7.758621 7.931034 8.103448 8.275862 8.448276 8.620690 8.793103 8.965517
[25] 9.137931 9.310345 9.482759 9.655172 9.827586 10.000000

| You're close...I can feel it! Try it again. Or, type info() for more options.

| You're using the same function here, but changing its arguments for different results.
| Be sure to store the result in a new variable called my_seq, like this: my_seq <-
| seq(5, 10, length=30).

my_seq<-seq(5,10,length=30)

| You are amazing!

|========================================== | 52%
| To confirm that my_seq has length 30, we can use the length() function. Try it now.

length(my_seq)
[1] 30

| You are amazing!

|============================================= | 57%
| Let's pretend we don't know the length of my_seq, but we want to generate a sequence of
| integers from 1 to N, where N represents the length of the my_seq vector. In other
| words, we want a new vector (1, 2, 3, ...) that is the same length as my_seq.

...

|================================================= | 61%
| There are several ways we could do this. One possibility is to combine the : operator
| and the length() function like this: 1:length(my_seq). Give that a try.

1:length(my_seq)
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
[29] 29 30

| Excellent job!

|==================================================== | 65%
| Another option is to use seq(along.with = my_seq). Give that a try.

seq(along.with=my_seq)
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
[29] 29 30

|======================================================== | 70%
| However, as is the case with many common tasks, R has a separate built-in function for
| this purpose called seq_along(). Type seq_along(my_seq) to see it in action.

seq_along(my_seq)
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
[29] 29 30

|=========================================================== | 74%
| There are often several approaches to solving the same problem, particularly in R.
| Simple approaches that involve less typing are generally best. It's also important for
| your code to be readable, so that you and others can figure out what's going on without
| too much hassle.

...

|=============================================================== | 78%
| If R has a built-in function for a particular task, it's likely that function is highly
| optimized for that purpose and is your best option. As you become a more advanced R
| programmer, you'll design your own functions to perform tasks when there are no better
| options. We'll explore writing your own functions in future lessons.

...

|================================================================== | 83%
| One more function related to creating sequences of numbers is rep(), which stands for
| 'replicate'. Let's look at a few uses.

...

|====================================================================== | 87%
| If we're interested in creating a vector that contains 40 zeros, we can use rep(0,
| times = 40). Try it out.

rep(0,times=40)
[1] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

| Great job!

|========================================================================= | 91%
| If instead we want our vector to contain 10 repetitions of the vector (0, 1, 2), we can
| do rep(c(0, 1, 2), times = 10). Go ahead.

rep(c(0,1,2),times=10)
[1] 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2

| You are amazing!

|============================================================================= | 96%
| Finally, let's say that rather than repeating the vector (0, 1, 2) over and over again,
| we want our vector to contain 10 zeros, then 10 ones, then 10 twos. We can do this with
| the each` argument. Try rep(c(0, 1, 2), each = 10).

rep(c(0,1,2),each=10)
[1] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

| You got it right!

|================================================================================| 100%
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1: No
2: Yes

Selection: 2